Computer Technology
All About a Computer
A mouse is a device that controls the movement of the cursor or pointer on a display screen. A mouse is a small object you can roll along a hard, flat surface. Douglas Engelbart in 1868 became the father of the modern mouse. He developed a gadget made with a wooden base usingtwo wheels to roll back and forth. It was the first mouse that could fit into a user's hand.
A keyboard is the set of typewriter-like keys used to enter data into a computer.Keyboards are similar to typewriter keyboards but contain additional keys.A computer is a programmable machine. Computers respond to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner and execute prerecorded instructions. A typical digital computer consists of:
1. A central processor unit (CPU)
2. A memory
3. Input/output (1/0) ports
A bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binaryvalue, either 0 or 1. Although computers usually provide instructions that can test andmanipulate bits, they generally are designed to store data and execute instructionsin bit multiples called bytes.Binary describes a numbering scheme in which there are only two possible values for each digit: 0 and 1. The term also refers to any digital encoding/decoding system in which there are exactly two possible states.In digital data memory, storage, processing, and communications, the 0 and 1 values are sometimes called "low" and "high," respectively.
The computer memory is expressed in kilobytes or megabytes or gigabytes. One byte is made of binary digits.
1 byte = 8 binary digits.
A byte is the unit most computers use to represent a character such as a letter, number, ortypographic symbol (for example, "g", "5", or "?").
In most computer systems, a byte is a unit of data that is eightbinary digits long. A byte is theunit most computers use to represent a character such as a letter, number, or typographic symbol (for example, "g", "5", or "?").
A bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binaryvalue, either 0 or 1. Although computers usually provide instructions that can test andmanipulate bits, they generally are designed to store data and execute instructions in bitmultiples called bytes.
• 1 Bit = Binary Digit
• 8 Bits = 1 Byte
• 1024 Bytes = 1 Kilobyte
• 1024 Kilobytes = 1 Megabyte
• 1024 Megabytes = 1 Gigabyte
• 1024 Gigabytes = 1 Terabyte
• 1024 Terabytes = 1 Petabyte
As a measure of computer processor storage and real and virtual memory, a megabyte(abbreviated MB) is 2 to the 20th power bytes, or 1,048,576 bytes in decimal notation.
Computer Memory
The memory serves as a place to store Instructions, the coded pieces of information that direct the activities of the CPU, and Data, the coded pieces of information that are processed by the CPU. A group of logically related instructions stored in memory is referred to as a Program. The CPU "reads" each instruction from memory in a logically determined sequence, and uses it to initiate processing actions. If the program sequence is coherent and logical, processing the program will produce intelligible and useful results.The CPU unifies the system. It controls the functions performed by the other components. The CPU must be able to fetch instructions from memory, decode their binary contents and execute them.
Colossus
Colossus was the name of a series of computers developed for British codebreakers in 1943-1945 to help in the cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher. Colossus usethermionic valves (vacuum tubes) and thyratrons to perform Boolean and counting perations. Colossus is thus regardedas the world's first programmable, electronic, digital computer, although it was programmed by plugs and switchesand not by a stored program.Colossus was designed by the engineer Tommy Flowers to solve a problem posed by mathematician Max Newman at the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park. Alan Turing's use of probability in cryptanalysi contributed to its design. It has sometimes been erroneously stated that Turing designed Colossus to aid the Cryptanalysis of the EnigmaTuring's machine that helped decode Enigma was the electromechanical Bombe, not Colossus.
Pen Drive
A pen drive is a portable Universal Serial Bus (USB) flash memory device for storing and transferring audio, video, and data files from computer.A device that controls the movement of the cursor or pointer on a display screen. A mouse is a small object you can roll along a hard, flat surface.
Of the above given elements Heptachlor is an organochlorine compound, which is used as an insecticide. Plutonium is not used in any electronic product due to its radioactivity. All the remaining elements are found in e-waste. Beryllium is used in circuit boards, hard disks, motherboard etc. Mercury is used in LCD screens, batteries, measuring and control devices etc. Use of Cadmium in electronic products was banned by the European Union in 2004. Elsewhere it is used in soldering, semiconductors and chip resistors. Lead is used primarily in soldering of circuit boards and other device components. Chromium has been traditionally used in magnetic recording products such as audio cassettes and VHS tapes.fish.
Internet
The Internet is a global network connecting millions of computers. More than 190 countries are linked into exchanges of data, news and opinions. According to Internet Live Stats, as of December 30, 2014 there was an estimated 3,037,608,300 Internet users worldwide. The number of Internet users represents nearly 40 percent of the world's population. The largest number of Internet users by country is China, followed by the United States and India.In September 2014, the total number of websites with a unique hostname online exceeded 1 billion. This is an increase from one website (info.cern.ch) in 1991.
A local area network (LAN) is a group of computers and associated devices that share a common communications line or wireless link to a server.
A database is an organized collection of data. The data is typically organized to model aspects of reality in a way that supports processes requiring information, such as modelling the availability of rooms in hotels in a way that supports finding a hotel with vacancies.
CPU
CPU (pronounced as separate letters) is the abbreviation for central processing unit.Sometimes referred to simply as the central processor, but more commonly called processor, the CPU is the brains of the computer where most calculations take place. In terms of computing power, the CPU is the most important element of a computer system.Components of a CPU are
Two typical components of a CPU are the following:
• The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logical operations.
• The control unit (CU), which extracts instructions from memory and decodes and executes them, calling on the ALU when necessary
• Execution in computer and software engineering is the process by which a computer or a virtual machine performs the instructions of a computer program.
Operating System
The operating system is the most important program that runs on acomputer. Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs and applications. Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing inputfrom the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
Microsoft Word (often called Word)
Microsoft Word (often called Word) is a graphical word processing program that users can type with. It is made by the computer companyMicrosoft. The purpose of the MS Word is to allow the users to type and save documents. Similar to other word processors, it has helpful tools to make documents.
Integrated Circuit (IC
An integrated circuit (IC), sometimes called a chip or microchip, is a semiconductor wafer on which thousands or millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, and transistors are fabricated. An IC can function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer, counter, computer memory, or microprocessor. Silicon was discovered by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, a Swedish chemistin 1824 by heating chips ofpotassium in a silica container and then carefully washing away the residual byproducts. Silicon is the seventh most abundant element in the universe and the secondmostabundant element in the earth's crust.
Microsoft Disk operating system, MS-DOS
Microsoft Disk operating system, MS-DOS is a non-graphical command line operating system derived from 86-DOS that was created for IBM compatible computers. MS-DOS originally written by Tim Paterson and introduced byMicrosoft in August 1981 and was last updated in 1994 when MS-DOS 6.22 was released. MS-DOS allows the user to navigate, open, and otherwise manipulate files on their computer from a command line instead of a GUI like Windows.
Bluetooth and Wi-Fi
Bluetooth and Wi-Fi are both methods that provide wireless communication, but the differencebetween the two mainly stems from what they are designed to do and how they are used. The main difference is that Bluetooth is primarily used to connect devices without using cables, while Wi-Fi provides high-speed access to the Internet.
Nicnet
Nicnet is the largest satellite based communication network of the world. It links and stores information among different countries in the world through a satellite.It is a computer network across a public internet that provides users access to their organization's network while maintaining the security of the information transmitted 'Virtual Private Network' are popular amongst bigwig corporates who wish to have secured communications through public internet Service Providers but have an arrangement with the ISPs to make the data transfer safe and confidential.
NAYAN (Network Abhigam niYantrAN)
NAYAN (Network Abhigam niYantrAN) addresses the access control and authentication requirements of a localarea network. NAYAN controls the access to different network services at the end system level, protecting internalnetwork from rapidly propagating threats and network misuse. NAYAN unifies End System Authentication,Desktop Firewall with Centralized Administration, Automatic Policy Updating and Role Based Access Control.
PARAM 8000
India's First Supercomputer was PARAM 8000. PARAM stood for Parallel Machine. The computer wa developed by the government run Center for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) in 1991. The PARAM 8000 was introduced in 1991 with a rating of 1 Gigaflop (billion floating point operations per second).
Anupam
Anupam is a supercomputer designed and developed by Bhabha Atomic Research Centre(BARC) for their internal usages. It is mainly used for molecular dynamical simulations, reactor physics, theoretical physics, computational chemistry, computational fluid dynamics, and finite element analysis.
Tianhe-2
Tianhe-2 or TH-2 is a 33.86-petaflops supercomputer located in National Supercomputer Center in Guangzhou. Itwas developed by a team of 1,300 scientists and engineers.It is the world's fastest supercomputer according to theTOP500 lists for June 2013, November 2013, June 2014 and November 2014. Plans of the Sun Yat-sen Universityin collaboration with Guangzhou district and city administration to double its computing capacities were stopped bya US government rejection of Intel's application for an export license for the CPUs and coprocessor boards.
Quantum Computer
A quantum computer is a computer design which uses the principles of quantu physicsto increase the computational power beyond what is attainable by a traditional computer. Quantum computers have been built on the small scale and work continues to upgrade them to more practical models.
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
MICR is an acronym for Magnetic Ink Character Recognition; it refers to the formulation of toner used to print the specialized font at the bottom of checks and other negotiable documents.
Laser Printer
A laser printer is a popular type of personal computer printer that uses a nonimpact (keys don't strike the paper), photocopier technology. When a document is sent to theprinter, a laser beam "draws" the document on a selenium-coated drum using electrical charges.
World Wide Web (or the Web)
The World Wide Web (or the Web) is a system of interlinked, hypertext documents accessed via the internet. With a web browser, a user views web pages that may contain text, images and other multimedia and navigates between them using hyperlinks. It was created around 1990 by the Englishman Tim Berners–Lee and the Belgian Robert Caillian working at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland. Tim Berners-Lee received the millennium technology prize for conceiving of the World Wide Web.
Bluetooth Smart technology
Bluetooth Smart technology is a wirelesscommunications system intended to replace the cables connecting many types of devices, from mobile phones and headsets to hear monitors and medical equipment
Computer Virus
A computer virus is a program or piece of code that is loaded onto your computerwithout your knowledge and runs against your wishes. Viruses can also replicate themselves. All computer viruses are man-made. A simple virus that can make a copy of itself over and over again is relatively easy to produce.
Microsoft
Microsoft is an American company that in 1975. was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen. The company headquarters in Redmond, Washington. Main activity is the development of basic computer software such as operating systems, development tools, office applications and databases. The real business of the company flourished following the issuance of the operating system Windows 95, primarily designed for home use, which basically marks the appearance of all of today's products.
An arithmetic-logic unit (ALU)
An arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) is the part of a computer processor (CPU) that carries outarithmetic and logic operations on the operands in computer instruction words. In some
processors, the ALU is divided into two units, an arithmetic unit (AU) and a logic unit (LU).
HyperText Transfer Protocol
HyperText Transfer Protocol, HTTP is the underlying protocol used by the World Wide Web. HTTP defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands.
Magnetic tape
Magnetic tape is a long and narrow strip of plastic that thin magnetic material is coatedon.Nearly all recording tape is of this type, whether used for recording audio or video orcomputer data storageA disk drive is a randomly addressable and rewritable storage device.The term can be broadly interpreted to include optical drives.
Blu-ray or Blu-ray Disc (BD
Blu-ray or Blu-ray Disc (BD) is a digital optical disc data storage format. It was designed to supersede the DVDformat, in that it is capable of storing high-definition video resolution (1080p). The plastic disc is 120 mm indiameter and 1.2 mm thick, the same size as DVDs and CDs.[4] Conventional (pre-BD-XL) Blu-ray Discs contain25 GB per layer, with dual layer discs (50 GB) being the industry standard for feature-length video discs. Triplelayer discs (100 GB) and quadruple layers (128 GB) are available for BD-XL re-writer drives.The name "Bluray" refers to the blue laser (specifically, a violet laser) used to read the disc, which allows information to be storedat a greater density than is possible with the longer-wavelength red laser used for DVDs. The main application ofBlu-ray is as a medium for video material such as feature films and physical distribution of video games for thePlayStation 3, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. Besides the hardware specifications, Blu-ray is associated with a set of multimedia formats.
Compiler
A compiler is a special program that processes statements written in a particular programming language and turns them into machine language or "code" that a computer's processor uses. Typically, a programmer writes language statements in a language such as Pascal or C one line at a time using an editor .
Assembler
An assembler is a program that takes basic computer instructions and converts them into a pattern of bits that the computer's processor can use to perform its basic operations. Some people call these instructions assembler language and others use the term assembly language.
Semiconductor
A semiconductor is a substance, usually a solid chemical element or compound, that can conduct electricity under some conditions but not others, making it a good medium for thecontrol of electrical current.Silicon was discovered by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, a Swedish chemist, in 1824 by heating chips ofpotassium in a silica container and then carefully washing away the residual byproducts. Silicon is the seventh most abundant element in the universe and the second mostabundant element in the earth's crust.
Modem
A modem is a device or program that enables a computer to transmit data over, for example,telephone or cable lines. Computer information is stored digitally, whereas informationtransmitted over telephone lines is transmitted in the form of analog waves.
ROM
CD-ROM (Compact Disc, read-only-memory) is an adaptation of the CD that is designed to store computer data in the form of text and graphics, as well as hi-fi stereo sound. Th original data format standard was defined by Philips and Sony in the 1983 Yellow Book.
Once data has been written onto a ROM chip, it cannot be removed and can only be read. Unlike main memory (RAM), ROM retains its contents even when the computer is turned off. ROM is referred to as being nonvolatile, whereas RAM is volatile.
Processor
A processor is the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic instructions that drive a computer.The term processor has generally replaced the term central processing unit (CPU). The processor in a personal computer or embedded in small devices is often called a microprocessor.
RAM
RAM (pronounced ramm) is an acronym for random access memory, a type of computer memory that can be accessed randomly; that is, any byte of memory can be accessed without touching the preceding bytes. RAM is the most common type of memory found in computers and other devices, such as printers.
Digital Camera
A Digital camera stores images digitally rather than record them on film. Once a picture has been taken, it can be downloaded to a computer system, and then manipulated with a graphics programand printed
An application is a program, or group of programs, that is designed for the end user. Application software can be divided into two general classes: systems software and applications software. Applications software (also called end-user programs) include such things as database programs, word processors, Web browsers and spreadsheets.
Oracle Database
An Oracle database is a collection of data treated as a unit. The purpose of a database is tostore and retrieve related information. A database server is the key to solving the problems ofinformation management.
FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation)
FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) is a third-generation ( 3GL ) programming language thatwas designed for use by engineers, mathematicians, and other users and creators of scientificalgorithms. It has a very succinct and spartan syntax.
Assembly language programs are translated into machine language by a program called an assembler. Developing Web-enabled Apps for Intel® RealSense™ Technology. Every CPU has its own unique machine language. Programs must be rewritten or recompiled, therefore, to run on different types of computers.
Domain
A domain name locates an organization or other entity on the Internet. For example, the domain name "www.totalbaseball.com" locates an Internet address for "totalbaseball.com" at Internet point 199.0.0.2 and a particular host server named www. us. indicates USA while edu. indicate education thus .ed. us,is the name of an educational institute in USA.All are valid domain name extension. The official list of all top-level domains is which include edu, gov, org, net, info maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).In an initiative to expand the domain name space, IANA is considering approval of several proposed top-level domains. As of February 2015, the root domain contains 810 top-level domains,while a few have been retired and are no longer functional.
Digital Communication Systems
In digital communication systems, a repeater is a device that receives a digital signal on an electromagnetic or optical transmission medium and regenerates the signal along the next leg of the medium.
USB (Universal Serial Bus)
USB (Universal Serial Bus) is the most popular connection used to connect a computer to devices such as digital cameras, printers, scanners, and external hard drives.USB is a cross-platform technology that is supported by most of the major operating systems.
Password
A password is an unspaced sequence of characters used to determine that a computer userrequesting access to a computer system is really that particular user. Typically, users of amultiuser or securely protected single-user system claim a unique name (often called a user ID) that can be generally known.
Optical Mark reading (OMR)
Optical Mark reading (OMR) is a method of entering data into a computer system. Optical Mark Readers reads pencil or pen marks made in pre-defined positions on paper forms as responses to questions or tick list prompts.
IRC
IRC is based on a client-server model. You run a client program on your own computer whichconnects you to a server computer on the Internet. These servers link to many other servers to make up an IRC network, which transport messages from one user (client) to another.
CAD (computer-aided design)
CAD (computer-aided design) software is used by architects, engineers, drafters, artists, and others to create precision drawings or technical illustrations. CAD software can be used to create two-dimensional (2-D) drawings or three-dimensional (3-D) models.
Electronic governance or e-governance
Electronic governance or e-governance is the application of information and communicationtechnology (ICT) for delivering government services, exchange of informationcommunication transactions, integration of various stand-alone systems and servicesbetween government-to-customer (G2C), government-to-business (G2B), government-togovernment (G2G) as well as back office processes and interactions within the entiregovernment framework.
Video email
Video email is the term for the use of email to send videos such that the recipient feels the video is being watch inside the video. This is differentiated from a video file as an email attachment or a hyperlink tovideo elsewhere on the internet.
Videoconferencing (VC)
Videoconferencing (VC) is the conduct of a videoconference (also known as a video conference or videoteleconference) by a set of telecommunication technologies which allow two or more locations to communicate by simultaneous two-way video and audio transmissions.
Electronic mail
Electronic mail, most commonly referred to as email or e-mail since 1993, is a method of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients. Modern email operates across the Internet or other computer networks. Some early email systems required that the author and the recipient both be online at the same time, in common with instant messaging. Today's email systems are based on a store-and-forward model. Email servers accept, forward, deliver, and store messages. Neither the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need connect only briefly, typically to a mail server, for as long as it takes to send or receive messages. specific meaning it has today. All are free e mail service provider. An email service provider (ESP) is a company that offers email marketing or bulk email servicesAn ESP may provide tracking information showing the status of email sent to each member of an address list. ESPs also often provide the ability to segment an address list into interest groups or categories, allowing the user to send targeted information to people who they believe will value the correspondence.
Web page
A Web page that serves as a publicly accessible personal journal for an individual. Typically updated daily, blogs often reflect the personality of the author.
Stuxnet
Stuxnet is a computer worm that targets industrial control systems that are used to monitor and control large scale industrial facilities like power plants, dams, waste processing systems and similar operations.
SIM card
A SIM card is a small card that contains a mobile network subscriber's account information. This allows the phone using the card to attach to a mobile network. About half the size of a typical stamp, the SIM card is most commonly associated with GSM and UMTS handsets.
URL
URL Stands for uniform resource locator. Every web page has a definite anddifferent address. This URL defines this address.
Flash Memory
Flash memory is a type of nonvolatile memory that erases data in units called blocks. A blockstored on a flash memory chip must be erased before data can be written, orprogrammed, to the microchip. Flash memory retains data for an extended period of timewhether a flash-equipped device is powered on or off.
Motherboard
A motherboard is the physical arrangement in a computer that contains the computer's basic circuitryand components. On the typical motherboard, the circuitry is imprinted or affixed to the surface of a firmplanar surface and usually manufactured in a single step.
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