Space And Defence

Space  and Defence  

Aryabhatta

Aryabhatta was the first satellite launched by India. It was named after the great Indian astronomer of the same name. Aryabhatta weighed 360kg and was launched by the Soviet Union on April 19, 1975 from Kapustin Yar using a Cosmos-3M launch vehicle.

Musk

Musk is developing a series of launchers, called the Falcon, which, if successful ,could significantly undercut the price routinely paid to aerospace giants Lockheed Martin Corp. and Boeing Co., to send payloads in to Orbit.

Space Shuttle Orbiter Atlantis

Space Shuttle Orbiter Atlantis is one of the fleet of space shuttles belonging to the US. It was the fourth operational shuttle built. Following the destruction of Challenger and Columbia, it is one of the three fully operational shuttles remaining in the fleet. The other two are Discovery and Endeavour.

METSAT

METSAT was an Indian (ISRO) meteorological, geostationary satellite designed to simultaneously obtain atmospheric cloud cover, water vapor, and temperature data.A geostationary satellite revolves around the earth from west to east in an orbit coplanar with equatorial plane at a height of about 36000 km above the surface of earth. Geostationary satellites are placed at an altitude of 36000 km. which is the precise distance that is required to make them geosynchronous with Earth.The exosphere is the uppermost region of Earth's atmosphere as it gradually fades into the vacuum of space. Air in the exosphere is extremely thin - in many ways it is almost the same as the airless void of outer space.FM transmission is quite immune to noice as compound to AM transmission. Noise is a form of amplitude variations in the transmitted signal due to atmosphere, industries etc.

NASA's Kepler Space Telescope

Using NASA's Kepler Space Telescope, astronomers have discovered the first Earth-sizeplanet orbiting a star in the "habitable zone" -- the range of distance from a star where liquidwater might pool on the surface of an orbiting planet. The discovery of Kepler-186f confirmsthat planets the size of Earth exist in the habitable zone of stars other than our sun.

IRS-1A

IRS-1A was the first remote sensing mission undertaken by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). It was a half-operational, half-experimental mission to develop indigenous expertise in satellite imagery.

INSAT- Series

INSAT-4A, is the first one in INSAT-4 Satellites series, provides services in Ku and C-band frequency bands. At the time of launch, it was the heaviest satellite India had produced and launched.

INSAT-2A First Multipurpose satellite built by India, Sucessfully Operationalised in August 1992. It’s weight is 1906 kg with pseeropellant 916 kg dry weight

INSAT-4C was an Indian communications satellite which was lost in a launch failure in 2006.Had it reached orbit, it would have formed part of the Indian National Satellite System.Launched in 2007, it was intended to have operated in geostationary orbitat a longitude of 73.97°east. The INSAT-4CR satellite, launched in September 2007, replacedit.

Cassini-Huygens spacecraft

The Cassini-Huygens spacecraft is one of the largest, heaviest and most complex interplanetary spacecraft ever built. Of all interplanetary spacecraft, only the two Phobos spacecraft sent to Mars by the former Soviet Union were heavier.

Ariane Passenger PayLoad Experiment (APPLE)

The Ariane Passenger PayLoad Experiment (APPLE), was an experimental communication satellite with a C-Bandtransponder launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation on June 19, 1981 by Ariane, a launch vehicle of theEuropean Space Agency (ESA) from Centre Spatial Guyanais near Kourou in French Guiana.

Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre

Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre at Trivandrum or Thiruvananthapuram is the majorcenter of ISRO, where the design and development activities of satellite launch vehicles andsounding rockets are carried out and made ready for launch operations. The centre pursues researchand development activities for associated technologies such as launch vehicle design, propellants,solid propulsion technology, aerodynamics, aero structural and aero thermal aspects, avionics, polymers and composites, guidance, control, and simulation, computer and information, mechanical engineering, aerospace mechanisms, vehicle integration and testing, space ordnance, chemicals and materials.

Black Box

A black box is a device, object, or system whose inner workings are unknown; only the "stimuliinputs" and "output reactions" are known characteristics. Any type of aircraft in any condition offlight can be viewed in terms of its input parameters (e.g. control instructions) and outputparameters (e.g. flight sensors), without any knowledge of its internal workings, as a black boxmodel. The flight data recorder (FDR) is an independent device that preserves the recent history of the flight through the recording of dozens of parameters collected several times per second.The cockpit voice recorder (CVR) preserves the recent history of the sounds in the cockpitincluding the conversation of the pilots. The two recorders give a testimony, narrating the flighthistory with accuracy and impartiality, to assist in an investigation.

Chandrayaan-1  

Chandrayaan-1  was India's first lunar probe. It was launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation in October 2008, and operated until August 2009. The mission included a lunar orbiter and an impactor. India launched the spacecraft using a PSLV-XL rocket, serial number C11, on 22 October 2008 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh, about 80 km north of Chennai, at 06:22

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is the United States governmentagencyresponsible for the civilianspace program as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory is located in Pasdena.Deep impact is a NASA space probe, designed to study the composition of the interior of the Comet 

'Tempel-1'.

Phoenix was a robotic spacecraft on a space exploration mission on Mars under the Mars Scout Program. The Phoenix lander descended on Mars on May 25, 2008. Mission scientists used instruments aboard the lander to search for environments suitable for microbial life on Mars, and to research the history of water there. The total mission cost was about US $386 million, which includes cost of the launch.

Spirit

Spirit, also known as MER-A (Mars Exploration Rover – A) or MER-2, is a robotic rover on Mars,active from 2004 to 2010. It was one of two rovers of NASA's ongoing Mars Exploration RoverMission. It landed successfully on Mars at 04:35 Ground UTC on January 4, 2004, three weeksbefore its twin, Opportunity (MER-B), landed on the other side of the planet. Its name was chosenthrough a NASA-sponsored student essay competition. The rover became stuck in late 2009, and itslast communication with Earth was sent on March 22, 2010.On 3 November 1957, a dog name laika was sent to space through sputnik-2 space craft.   28 May, 1959 “Able” and “Baker” named monkeys were sent to space.

Apollo 8

Apollo 8 was the first mission to take humans to the Moon and back. An important prelude to actually landing on the Moon was testing the flight trajectory and operations for getting there and back. Apollo 8 did this and acheived many other firsts including the first manned mission launched on the Saturn V, first manned launch from NASA's new Moonport, first pictures taken by humans of the Earth from deep space, and first live TV coverage of the lunar surface.

Selene-1

Selene-1 (Selenological and Engineering Explorer) is japan’s first lunar orbiter which was launched on 14 september, 2007. The orbiter's nickname, Kaguya, was selected by the general public.The main difference between the two types ofengine is that a rocket carries its own supply of oxygen for combustion. A jet engine requires oxygen from the atmosphere for combustion, and so cannot operate in the vacuum of space.Clouds and thunderstorms are dangerous to aircraft and water-vapours and other weather phenomena causes changes in air density, which too is not optimal for flight. Most importantly a jet aircraft achieves most efficient flight in low density air.

Sriharikota

Sriharikota is a barrier island off the Bay of Bengal coast located in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, India. It houses theSatish Dhawan Space Centre, one of the two satellite launch centers in India with the other being the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station in Thiruvananthapuram. Indian Space Research Organisation launch satellites using multistage rockets such as the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle from Sriharikota.

Galileo positioning system

The Galileo positioning system ,simply referred to as Galileo is a proposed Global Navigation Satellite System ,to be build by the European Union and the European Space Agency (ESA) as an alternative to the United States Operated Global Positioning System (GPS) and Russian GLONASS. Galileo operating company, the concession holder and rpriosed consortium running Galileo ,will have its main headquarter in Toulouse, France.

Cryogenic Rocket Engine

A cryogenic rocket engine is a rocket engine that uses a cryogenic fuel or oxidizer, that is, its fuel oroxidizer (or both) are gases liquefied and stored at very low temperatures.Notably, these engineswere one of the main factors of NASA's success in reaching the Moon by the Saturn 

Vrocket.

Satellite Launch Vehicle-3 (SLV-3)

Satellite Launch Vehicle-3 (SLV-3) was India's first experimental satellite launch vehicle, which was an all solid, four stage vehicle weighing 17 tonnes with a height of 22m and capable of placing 40 kg class payloads in Low Earth Orbit (LEO).All other including RS-D1 IRS-1D and  INSAT-2D arespace satellites launched in May  1981  June an September 1997 respectively.

GSAT-series

GSAT-8, India’s advanced communication satellite, is a high power communication satellite being inducted in the INSAT system. Weighing about 3100 Kg at lift-off, GSAT-8 is configured to carry 24 high power transponders in Ku-band and a two-channel GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) payload operating in L1 and L5 bands. It was launched on May 21,2011 from Kourou of French Guyana. 

GSAT-7, the multi-band communication satellite named Rukmini[4] satellite carries the payloads inUHF, C-band and Ku band. It is the first satellite by ISRO that will provide services to the Indiandefence forceswith the main user being the Indian  Navy.

 India’s advanced communication satellite, is a high power satellite being inducted into the INSAT system. Weighing 3400 kg at lift-off, GSAT-10 is configured to carry 30 communication transponders in normal C-band, lower extended C-band and Ku-band as well as a GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) payload operating in L1 and L5 bands. GSAT-10 is the second satellite to carry GAGAN payload after GSAT-8, which is already providing navigation services from orbit.

Trishul

Trishul is intended to counter a low level attack with a very quick reaction time and has an all weather capability. Trishul has a range of 9 km and is designed to counter a low level attack with a very quick reaction time. It is all all-weather surface-to-air-missile which call, when employed with the fire Control Flycatcher radar, blow a hole in the enemy's plan. With a radar-altimeter in its warhead, Trishul can be used as an anti-sea skimmer missile

Nag

Nag  is a third generation "fire-and-forget" anti-tank missile developed in India. It is one of five missile systems developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) under the Integrated Guided MissileDevelopment Program (IGMDP).

Astra is an active radar homing beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile (BVRAAM)developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). India .It has the capacity to destroy the enemy plane upto a distance of 90 km.Development of Trishul missile was completed, and by 2006 DRDO was in dialogue with Indian Air Force for possible induction of Trishul missile after jointly developing the user trial criteria. Trishul was completed as a "Technology Demonstrator" due to delay in 

development of state-of-the-art technology and changes in requirement of the Armed Forces. + Trishul is intended to counter a low level attack with a very quick reaction time and has anall weather capability. Trishul has a range of 9 km and is designed to counter a low levelattack with a very quick reaction time. It is all all-weather surface-to-air-missile which call,when employed with the fire Control Flycatcher radar, blow a hole in the enemy'splan. Witaradar-altimeter in its warhead, Trishul can be used as an anti-sea skimmer missile

Agni 

Agni-I is a short-range ballistic missile developed by DRDO of India under the IntegratedGuided Missile Development Program. It is a single-stage missile developed after the Kargil Warto fill the gap between 250 km range of Prithvi-II and 2,500 km range of Agni-II. It was firstlaunched on January 25, 2002 from a road mobile launcherIntegrated Test Range (ITR), WheelerIsland. On 28 Mar 2010, a trial was conducted with a special Strategic Forces Command (SFC)nuclearcapable Agni-I ballistic missile, with a range of 700 km from the Wheelers Island off thecoast of Orissa, thus making Agni-I missile operational by army.Since then the SFC of the IndianArmy has conducted several user trials of Agni-I missile to test its readiness to launch ballisticmissiles that carry nuclear warheads. The recent user trials involved the test firing ofupgraded version of Agni-I with better re-entry technology, maneuverability and range extension of up to 700–1,250 km.

Agni-II with a range of 2,000–2,500 km is 20 metres long, has a diameter of one metre, and weighs around 18 tonnes. Agni – II uses solid propellant in both of its two stages.They are claimed to be a part of the "credible deterrence" against China and Pakistan. India stated that its nuclear and missile development programmes are not Pakistan-centric, that the Pakistani threat is only a marginal factor in New Delhi's security calculus, and that Agni is at the heart of deterrence in the larger context of Sino-Indian equation.The 2000 km range nuclear weapon capable missile, already inducted into country's arsenal, was successfully launched as a training exercise by the Strategic Forces Command on 9 August 2012.India on 7 April 2013 conducted its latest test of its nuclear capable Agni-II strategic ballistic missile from a missile testing range in Odisha. The test was conducted from Wheeler's Island in Bhadrak district, by army personnel as part of a training exercise.

Prithivi

India's first indigenously build missile, Prithivi, is a tactical surface-to-surface missile (TSSM). Prithvi was inducted in the Indian army on Many 21, 1993. The entire set up was tested in November 2006, under the Prithvi Air Defence Exercise when a prototype AXO, with a designation of PADOI successfully intercepted another Prithvi Missile at a height of 50 km.

Dhanush  

Dhanush  is a variant of the surface-to-surface/ship-to-ship Prithvi III missile, whichhas been developed for the Indian Navy. It is capable of carrying both conventionalas well as nuclear warheads with pay-load capacity of 500 kg and can strike targets in the range of 350 km. The Missile was test-fired successfully on October 5, 2012, on November 23, 2013 and on April 9, 2015

AEW&C

The IAI EL/M-2075 Phalcon is an Airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) active electronically scanned array radarsystem developed by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) and Elta Electronics Industries of Israel. Its primary objective is to provide intelligence to maintain air superiority and conduct surveillance. The Federation of American Scientists stated the Phalcon was the most advanced AEW&C system in the 1999 and 2008 articles. In March 2004, as a part of a tri-partite deal between Israel, Indian and Russia - Israel and India signed aUS$1.1 billion deal according to which IAI would deliver the Indian Air Force threAEW&C radar systems. India signed a deal with the Ilyushin Corporation of Russia for the supply of three Il-76 A-50 heavy air-lifters, which were to be used as platforms for these radar systems, for an additional US $500 million. In 2008, media reports suggested that India and Israel were about to sign a deal for three additional radars. India received its first AWACS on 25 May 2009. It landed in Jamnagar AFB in Gujarat completing its 8 hour long journey from Israel.

Barak Anti missile Defense system

Barak Anti missile Defense system is an Indo-Israeli surface-to-air missile (SAM), designed to defend against any type of airborne threat including aircraft, helicopters, anti-ship missiles, and UAVs. Both maritime and land-based versions of the system exist. 

Prithvi is a tactical surface-to-surface short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) developed by DRDOof India under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program. It is deployed by India's Strategic Forces Command. The initial project framework of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program outlines the variants in the following manner.

  Shaurya missile  

The Shaurya missile  is a canister launched hypersonic surface-to-surface tactical missile developed by the Indian Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) for use by the Indian Armed Forces. It has a range of between 750 to 1,900 km (470 to 1,180 mi) and is capable of carrying a payload of one ton conventional or nuclear warhead It gives the potential to strike in the short-intermediate range against any adversary

Tejas

Tejas is a 4th generation fighter plane. This name was given by former Prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. This plane was handed over on 2011 to Indian Army. 4th generation fighter plane. This name was given by former Prime 

BrahMos

The BrahMos is a short range ramjet supersonic cruise missile that can be launched from submarines, ships, aircraft or land. It is a joint venture between the Russian Federation's NPO Mashinostroeyenia and India's Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) who have together formed BrahMos Aerospace Private Limited. It is based on the Russian P-800 Oniks cruise missile and other similar sea-skimming Russian cruise missile technology. The name BrahMos is a portmanteau formed from the names of two rivers, the Brahmaputra of India and the Moskva of Russia.It is the world's fastest cruise missile in operation.The missile travels at speeds of Mach 2.8 to 3.0.The land-launched and ship-launched versions are already in service, with the air and submarine-launched versions currently in the testing phase. 

On 11 May 1998, Operation Shakti (Pokhran-II) was initiated with the detonation of one fusion and three fission bombs; the word "Shakti means "power" in Sanskrit. SLINEX-II "the largest joint fleet exercise between the Indian and Sri Lankan Navies, conductedin Sri Lanka, which was held under the guidance of the Secretary of Defence of Sri Lanka and the directives of the Commander of the Sri Lanka Navy, concluded successfully on 23rd September 2011.

Operation Pawan  

Operation Pawan  was the codename assigned to the operation by the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) to take control of Jaffna from the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), better known as the Tamil Tigers, in late 1987 to enforce the disarmament of the LTTE as a part of the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord. In brutal fighting lasting about three weeks, the IPKF took control of the Jaffna Peninsula from the LTTE, something that the Sri Lankan army had tried and failed to achieve for several years. Supported by Indian Army tanks, helicopter gunships and heavy artillery, the IPKF routed the LTTE, at the cost of 214 soldiers

Valentina Tereshkova

 soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova was born in the Yaroslavl Region of Russia on March 6, 1937. She was the second born of three children. Her father was a tractor driver and her mother worked in a textile plant Tereshkova was launched aboard Vostok 6 on June 16, 1963 and became the first woman to fly in space. During the 70.8 hour flight, Vostok 6 made 48 orbits of Earth. Upon completion of her mission, Tereshkova was honored with the title Hero of the Soviet Union.